Woodcut from ‘Marvelous Races’, Detail, in Hartmann Schedel, Das Buch der Croniken und Geschichten by Michael Wolgemut Wilhelm Pleydenwurff, 1493
Cynocephalus
Origin: Various
Combination: human + dog
Classification: Mammal
Other Names: Dog-Headed Men, Wulver
Associations: loyalty, guardianship, savagery
The cynocephalus, meaning "dog-headed one" in ancient Greek, is a mythical creature found in various cultures throughout history. It is often depicted as a human man with the head of a dog. Cynocephali are associated with loyalty and guardianship, symbolizing the protective qualities of canines. In some traditions, they are portrayed as savage or even cannibalistic beings, while in others, they are considered akin to humans or even revered as holy figures. They appear in the mythologies and folklore of different civilizations, representing both positive and negative aspects associated with dogs and their human-like characteristics. Though they are sometimes associated with the divine in the form of particular saints, such as Saint Christopher in Christian lore, there is no definite consensus on whether cynocephali should be considered more monster or human in aspect.
Significant
Literary
Mentions
Classical
• Christian legend of Saint Christopher
• The City of God (Book XVI, Chapter 8) – St. Augustine of Hippo
• Book of Liang – Buddhist missionary Hui Shen
• History of the Northern Dynasties – Li Dashi
Medieval
• Letter on the Cynocephali – Ratramnus of Corbie
• Old Welsh poem entitled Pa gur?
MODERN
• Maus – Art Spiegelman
• Ghost Rider comics